N surpluses, defined as the N input into agricultural systems minus the N removal in agricultural products (crops, grass forage and animal products), are released to the environment. Mineral N fertilizers play a key role in ensuring food security 1 (United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2, ‘Zero hunger’). The sufficiency of food production largely depends on the availability of reactive nitrogen (Nr). Policies that respect regional nitrogen surplus boundaries would yield a substantial reduction in non-CO 2 GHG emissions of 2.3 GtCO 2e yr −1 in 2050, which indicates a necessity for policy coordination. International trade plays a key role in sustaining global food security under nitrogen boundary constraints if only a limited set of mitigation options is deployed. Our scenario experiments indicate that when introducing regional N targets, supply-side measures such as the nitrogen use efficiency improvement are more important than demand-side efforts for food security. We find that even when respecting regional nitrogen surplus boundaries, hunger could be substantially alleviated with 590 million fewer people at risk of hunger from 2010 to 2050, if all nitrogen mitigation options were mobilized simultaneously. We quantify how different nitrogen mitigation options contribute to reconciling food security and compliance with regional nitrogen surplus boundaries. Here, we investigate this trade-off using an integrated modelling framework. ![]() ![]() While nitrogen inputs are crucial to agricultural production, excess nitrogen contributes to serious ecosystem damage and water pollution.
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